cholas cheras and pandyas

Cheras: Kingdom occupied the portion of both Kerala and Tamil Nadu. [84] Hoysala king Somesvara (r. 1233 – 1267 CE[6]) then came to the aid of the Pandyas, defeated Rajendra III and then made peace with the Cholas. He was a follower of Vedic religion and performed many Vedic sacrifices. On top, a necking that supports a solid dome, or cupola (crowned by a pot and finial)—the sikhara. [101] Jalal ud-Din Hasan Khan was appointed governor of the newly created southernmost Ma'bar province. The Cheras, the Pandyas and the Cholas together constituted as the main warring Iron Age Tamil kingdoms. Many Sangam poems mention the Battle of Venni where he defeated the confederacy of Cheras, Pandyas and eleven minor chieftains. These graves are called megaliths because they were encircled by big/mega stone pieces. Elephants played an important part in wars and the horses were imported by sea into the kingdom. (a) Karikalan (b) Valvil Ori (c) Cheran Senguttuvan Answer: (c) Cheran Senguttuvan. The Cholas, Cheras, Pandyas, Pallavas Kakatiyas, Kadambas, Chalukyas, and the Vijayanagar kings contributed to this architecture. [9][10] The Pandyas are celebrated in the earliest available Tamil poetry ("the Sangam literature"). However, there is also mention about the sati being practised in Tamil society and it was called “tippayadal”. [120], The Pandya period (c. 13th century CE) was characterised by a temple-centered elite form of Hinduism, a popular bhakti religion and an even more widespread local forms of Hinduism. [79] Emperor Rajendra I continued to occupy the Pandya kingdom, and even appointed a series of Chola viceroys with the title "Chola Pandya" to rule from Madurai (over Pandya and Western Chera/Kerala countries). Found inside – Page 21Pandyas , Cheras and Cholas were three important dynasties that ruled south India during 200 BC – 300 AD . 2. The most important poem of Sangam literature ... Musiri and Tondi were the important seaports in this period. Vanji was the capital of the Cheras. The imperial court or avai was attended by a number of chiefs and officials. Found inside – Page 111Cheras. (Emblem. Bow). • The Chera dynasty was known as “Keralaputras” in the ... and growth of three important kingdoms of Cholas, Cheras and the Pandyas. Sangam literature believes that the dynasties of Chola, Chera, and Pandya belong to immemorial antiquity. the Singhalas (Ceylon), Western Chalukya Empire, Pandyas and even the Cheras, with each adversary either trying to become free or declaring a war on the Cholas. In the domain of religion, the Sangam period witnessed peaceful and close interactions between north India and south Indian traditions. The Cholas also maintained an efficient navy. The Cholas. The location was economically and geopolitically significant as a key point connecting the shipping between Southeast Asia and the Middle East. [15], The Pandyas entered their "golden age" under Maravarman I and Jatavarman Sundara Pandya I (13th century). Covers modern Tirunelveli, Madurai, Ramnad districts and south Travancore. Balarama visited Parashurama in the South which was then called Chera Kingdom. The Pandyas allied themselves with the Sinhalese (Sri Lanka) and the Cheras in harassing the Chola Empire until it found an opportunity for reviving its fortunes during the late 13th century. Found inside – Page 384Kings and Chieftains in the Far South : The Cheras , Cholas , and Pandyas The advent of the early historical period in South India is generally dated to the ... In this vedio, we will study about the three important kingdoms of the. They also built temple of Augustus at Muzris. The Kanchi region was also part of the kingdom of the Cholas. Rajaraja Chola I (985 - 1014 AD): He was one of the greatest emperors of the Chola empire. The state had a rudimentary army which consisted of chariots drawn by oxen, elephants, cavalry and infantry. The inscription on the silver and gold coins during the Pandyas, were in Tamil-Brahmi and the copper coins bore the Tamil legends. [96] The Pandya brothers fled their headquarters, and the Khaljis pursued them unsuccessfully. The Pandyas The Pandyan kingdom was one of three glorious ancient kingdoms in South India—the Cholas, the Cheras, and the Pandyas. e. The Pandya dynasty, also known as the Pandyas of Madurai, was a dynasty of south India, one of the three famous Tamil lineages, the other two being the Chola and the Chera. Found inside – Page 78... Edicts Pillar Edicts Kanishka's Empire Western Kshatraps Satavahana Empire Kanishka's Capital CHOLAS O CHOLAS KERALAPUTRA PANDYAS CHERAS PANDYAS SRI SRL ... The Chera Dynasty had existed in two diverse timespans. was credited to his cap, in which several chieftains lost their umbrellas (according to Sangam literature). However, all these phenomena, did not emerge in a linear fashion in southern India, especially at the tip of the peninsula with the Kaveri delta as the nuclear zone, until about the 2, of south India which was marked by the use of polished stone axe and blade toolsÂ, The upper portions of the peninsula were inhabited by people who were called the. [77] Pandya ruler Varaguna-varman II (r. c. 862–880 CE[74]) responded by marching into the Chola country and facing a formidable alliance of Pallava prince Aparajita, the Chola king Aditya I and the Ganga king Prithvipati I. Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas. The Cholas also maintained an efficient navy. Tributes paid by feudatories and war booty (arai) constituted a considerable part of royal resources. With the Cholas in obscurity in Uraiyur, the Tamil country was divided between the Pallavas of Kanchi and the Pandyas of Madurai. Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas. Under Karikala’s successors, the Chola empire rapidly declined. Somesvara was eventually killed by the Pandya in 1262 CE. Ancient History of South India:- Download PDF Here, (From megalithic to the state polities of Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas). a) Pandyas b) Cholas c) Pallavas d) Cheras 3. Sangam Age Kingdom: Cheras: Emblem - Bow & Arrow. Senguttuvan (Red/Good Chera) was the greatest ruler of Cheras and Roman Temple of Augustus which was later destroyed by Tipu was made during this period. The land South of Krishna River was divided into three kingdoms - Cheras, Cholas & Pandyas. The coins of Pandyas were basically square. Found insideFlourishing trade with the Roman empire contributed to the formation of the three states respectively under the Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas. Under Chola influence (10th–13th centuries), Karashima, Noburu. Cheras capital is assumed to be at modern Karur. This rapid succession was seen as a golden opportunity by the traditional enemies and subordinates of the Cholas, viz. Question 3. They were also called Keralaputras and their capital was at Vanji.They had 2 major seaports: Muziri & Tondi and their emblem was Bow. Advertisement Remove all ads . [5][8] The age and the antiquity of the Pandya dynasty are difficult to establish. In his comparative study of four Tamil resettlements, Clothey examines the rituals that have traveled with these South Indian communities - Hindu, Muslim, and Christian - and how these practices perpetuate or modify the heritages these ... [117] It had been said that those coins were issued by the Pandyas and the feudatories of the Cholas but could not be attributed to any particular king. King Karikala was a famous king of the Sangam Cholas. 2014. [17] Maravarman Kulasekhara I (c. 1268) defeated an alliance of the Hoysalas and the Cholas (1279) and invaded Sri Lanka. Karikala was a famous Chola king of the early time. The Cheras established their rule in the 3rd century BC and ruled till the twelfth century AD. Karikala maintained a powerful navy and conquered Sri Lanka. [126][127], The Tamil country is home to the 'South Indian' or 'Dravidian' style of medieval temple architecture. [101] In 1323, the Jaffna kingdom declared its independence from the crumbling Pandya influence. [33] The Sinnamanur Plates of Maravarman Rajasimha III similarly traces his lineage to the Lunar race and also claims that one of his ancestors, a Pandya occupied the seat of god Indra and another ancestor forced the ten-headed king of Lanka (Ravana) to sue for peace. [28] She is thought of ruling the whole western and northern coast of Sri Lanka from her capital Kudiramalai, where remains of what is thought of as her fort are found. It also remembers the precious pearls brought to the capital as booty from the "Pandya" realm. Now that's a question of my liking! These land divisions were based on their economic resources. There are also references to the presence of Buddhists and Jainas in the Tamil region. The early historic Pandya country was famous for its supply of pearls. He fought many battles with the Chalukyas in the north and the Pandyas in the south. The three ruling houses of Tamil India, the Pandyas, Cheras, and Cholas, fought for supremacy of southern India and Sri Lanka. Some of the important Chola kings of the era are talked about below. Their capital was Korkai, later moved to Madurai, in the state of Tamil Nadu, which they ruled entirely. In his reign, the Cholas expanded beyond South India stretching from Kalinga in the north to Sri Lanka in the south. The people mainly worshipped a deity called Murugan, who was also called Subramaniya. The Pandya territory occupied the southernmost and the south-eastern portion of the Indian Peninsula. Port - Muzris (most famous), Tondi, Bandar. [91] The island was again invaded and defeated by Jatavarman Vira II in 1270 CE. Your Mobile number and Email id will not be published. [89][84] It seems that Bana (Magadai) and Kongu countries came under the Pandya rule during the wars against the Hoysalas and the Kadavas. [14], While the Pandyas and the Rashtrakutas were busy engaging the Pallavas, with the Gangas and the Simhalas (Sri Lanka) also in the mix, the Cholas emerged from the Kaveri delta and took on the chieftains of Thanjavur[76] (the Mutharaiyar chieftain had transferred their loyalty from the Pallava to the Pandya[77]). • The capital of Cheras was Vanji and their important . One of the famous Chola kings who founded. In the last videos, we studied about foreign and native rulers of Post-Mauryan Period. [65], The three chiefly lines of the early historic south India – the Cheras, Pandyas and Cholas – were known as the mu-vendar ("the three vendars"). [77], By c. 897 CE, Chola king Aditya I was the master of the old Pallava, Ganga and Kongu countries. Three states, namely, Cholas, Cheras, and Pandya emerged in south India. The Sangam age [The Cheras, The Pandyas, The Cholas] Dileswar January 16, 2021. 3. Found inside – Page 85The Cholas , Pandyas and Cheras part of it . were the three powerful dynasties ruling in Karikala founded a new capital at the port city this region . of ... Found inside – Page 396One of the salient features of the muventar or the preeminent chieftain (Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas) was the existence of two centres in each of the areas ... King Srimara Srivallabha (r. 815–62 CE) sailed to Sri Lanka, subjugated king Sena I, and sacked his capital Anuradhapura (the Panya invasion of Sri Lanka followed a period of vassalage). Found inside – Page 88... GHATS WESTERN GHATS CHOLA MANDAL COAST Nilagiri CHOLAS Kaveripattinam Cauvery KONGU ARABIAN SEA Tondi Karur Uraiyur Kodumballur Anaimalai CHERAS PANDYAS ... She is attributed as an "amazonian queen" whose servants were men and administrative officials and army were women. Found insideThe primary epic of Tamil literature. Found inside – Page 6-18( a ) Cholas , Cheras , Pandyas and Pallavas ( a ) Besalpur and Surkotada ( b ) Cholas , Satyaputras , Cheras and Pandyas ( b ) Rangpur and Rojidi ( c ) ... The capital city of the Pandyas, Madurai, was an important centre of textile and ivory making. [45] He is also praised for his victory of Mizhalai and Mutturu, two "vel" centres along the ocean (in Pudukkottai). [48], Besides the poems, king Peruvaludi is also mentioned in later copper-plate grant (8th–9th century CE). During this time the Pandya, Chola and Chera dynasty emerged in South India. 160 km of embankment along the Kaveri river. Their beginnings can be traced to 1000 B.C. The Cholas were reduced to a small ruling family from about the 4th to the 9th century A.D. Cholas. A coin of Uttama Chola (970-985 CE) commemorates the subjugation of Cheras and Pandyas and with the Cholan tiger flanked by Pandyan twin fish and the Cheran bow, all under an umbrella. [82], After the death of Maravarman Kulasekhara I (1310), his sons Vira Pandya IV and Sundara Pandya IV fought a war of succession for control of the empire. The first iron objects from south India which include arrowheads, spearheads, tridents (associated with Shiva), hoes, sickles, etc. The Neolithic phase of south India which was marked by the use of polished stone axe and blade tools was succeeded by the Megalithic phase (around 1200 BCE – 300 BCE). Sahadeva defeated Cholas, Pandyas, Andhras and Cheras during his Dig Vijaya on the occasion of the Rajasuya yaga performed by Yudhistira. [73] The Pandyas took on the growing Pallava ambitions in south India, and from time to time they also joined in alliances with the kingdoms of the Deccan Plateau (such as with the Gangas of Talakad in late 8th century CE). [70] Megalithic relics such as menhirs, dolmens, urn burials, stone circles and rock-cut chambers/passages can be found in south India. In the famous battle of Talaiyalanganam (in east Tanjore), the Pandya is said to have defeated his enemies (which included the Chera and the Chola). Indian traditions such as the Great Epics and the Puranas often associate southern India with Sage Agastya (who had his ashrama in the south). Found inside – Page 194( a ) Cholas , Cheras , Pandyas and Pallavas ( b ) Cholas , Satyaputras , Cheras and Pandyas ( c ) Pandyas , Satyaputras , Andhras and Cheras ( d ) Cholas ... [59], The darkest man is here the most highly esteemed and[63] better than the others who are not so dark. The Cholas. Tamilakam's history is divided into three period pre-history, classical (sangam period) and mediaeval the . He was a gifted poet and in one of his poems, he says that in order to rule well, a king should possess a strong personal character, Under Karikala’s successors, the Chola empire rapidly declined. » Its inland capital was Uraiyaur, a place famous for cotton trade. [70] In the middle of the 9th century, the Pandyas had managed to advance as far as Kumbakonam (north-east of Tanjore on the Kollidam river). [83] He succeeded his older brother Jatavarman Kulasekhara in 1216. The very of beginning of Chola emperor Kulottunga's rule (r. from 1070 CE) was marked by the loss of Sri Lanka and a rebellion in the Pandya country. [32] Pururavas is listed as one of the ancestors in the Velvikudi Inscription of Nedunjadaiyan Varaguna-varman I (Jatila Parantaka Nedunjadaiyan). Indian items of export to Romans were spices, perfumes, jewels, ivory and fine textiles (muslin), several precious and semi-precious stones like diamond, sapphire, carnelian, pearls, sandalwood, iron, etc. Sangam literature believes that the dynasties of Chola, Chera and Pandya belong to time immemorial. The vellalas held the bulk of the land and employed labourers (Kadaisiyar – lowest class) to do the manual farm work. The chieftain were called Velirs. [84][85] The Chola king subsequently made a formal submission to Maravarman Sundara I and acknowledged his overlordship. The Cholas (300s BCE-1279 CE) controlled the central and northern parts of Tamil Nadu. Found inside – Page 340Ashoka in his edicts mentions the Pandyas as well as the Cholas (the southern kingdom of Tamil Nadu), the sons of Kerala (the Cheras, on the western coast ... Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education SSLC (English Medium) Class 9th. [11], ...Nelcynda is distant from Muziris by river and sea about five hundred stadia, and is of another kingdom, the Pandian. There was continuous warfare between the three. Found inside... respectively under the Cholas, Cheras, and Pandyas. ... south of the Krishna river was divided into three kingdoms: Chola, Pandya, and Chera or Kerala. He is considered to be another important Chola ruler who was either an independent ruler or a subordinate to Karikala. There are even references to a Pandya queen from 3rd century BCE representing a confederacy of the Tamil countries. The Kingdom was situated towards the north-east of Pandya kingdom and it was also called as Cholamandalam in early medieval times. In this article, you will read a comprehensive note on the ancient history of South India including the social, political and religious life of people under the three kingdoms. The region of Kanchi was also part of the Cholas kingdom. Their chief centre of political power and, . What was the head of Cholas Cheras and pandyas? [10] Madurai, in south Tamil Nadu, was the most important cultural centre in south India as the core of the Tamil speakers. Found inside – Page 34Cholas, Cheras and the Pandyas. Inspite of being involved in conflict, they were promoters of Sangam Age Sources Literary Source works ... Ashoka, in his inscriptions, refers to Cholas, Cheras, Pandyas and Satyaputras as peoples of South India. He was a contemporary of Mahendravarman I and Narsimahvarman I. Inscriptions and copper plates praise his victory over his counterparts: Cheras, Cholas, Pallavas and Sinhalese. Three states, namely, Cholas, Cheras, and Pandya emerged in south India. At the beginning of the common era, southern India and Sri Lanka were home to three Tamil dynastic chiefdoms or kingdoms, each ruled by kings, together called “muvendar.” The Pandya, Chera, and Chola dynasties ruled over the region during the ancient and medieval period. We become acquainted with the first Chera Dynasty through Sangam Text. [123] As some of the largest employers and landowners of the Pandya country, the temples played an important part in the Tamil economy and society. Found insideFlourishing trade with the Roman empire contributed to the formation of the three states respectively under the Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas. [124] They generally also served as banks, schools, dispensaries, and poorhouses (thus performing valuable social functions). The megalithic people produced paddy and ragi, and it seems that the cultivated land was very limited and generally they did not settle on the plains or low lands. [14] However, Srimara Srivallabha was soon overpowerd by Pallava king Nripatunga (r. 859–99 CE). The most famous king of early Cholas is Karikala Chola. It seems that in the middle of the 2nd century BCE, a Chola king named Elara conquered Sri Lanka and ruled over it for nearly 50 years. 1. Who was the founder of the Chola kingdom? Important ports of India on the western coast were Muziris, Bharukachchha (Broach), Sopara, and Kalyana. The historical references in the poems suggest that this literature was mostly composed between the 3rd century BCE and the 3rd century CE. Pattinappalai portrays his life and military conquests. In Mangulam, two Tamil Brahmi inscriptions pertaining to the 2nd century BCE mention that a subordinate and relative of Nedunjeliyan presented gifts to Jaina monks. Download these Free Chola Empire Cheras Pandyas MCQ Quiz Pdf and prepare for your upcoming exams Like SSC, Railway, UPSC, State PSC. No literary work of this Sangam is available. [7], After the departure of the Khaljis, Vira and Sundara Pandya resumed their conflict. Most of south India came under the sultanate rule and was divided into five provinces – Devagiri, Tiling, Kampili, Dorasamudra and Ma'bar. [110] The Periplus even mentions that "pearls inferior to the Indian sort are exported in great quantity from the marts of Apologas and Omana". 1. Cheras, Cholas & Pandyas "During Sangam age south India was ruled by 3 dynasties namely Cheras, Cholas & Pandyas" Cheras (Keralaputras) Capital Vanji Seaports Muziri & Tondi Emblem Bow Roman Temple of Augustus (Later destroyed by Tipu) Greatest Ruler: Senguttuvan (Red/Good Chera) Trade: Pepper (Yavanpriya) + Jackfruit with Romans Cholas (Cholamandam) Emblem Tiger Chief [70], The Pandya seems to be the most prominent of the three "ventar" rulers. » The Chola kingdom corresponded to the modem Taniore and Tiruchchirappalli districts. The first Chera Dynasty had administered in the Sangam Era while the second Chera Dynasty had managed from the ninth century AD onwards. , which was built with a labour of 12,000 slaves brought as captives from Sri Lanka. Sundara Pandya was defeated, and sought help from the Khaljis. Ashokan inscription also mention Cholas, Pandyas and Keralaputos. He successful invaded Sri Lanka and ruled there. The system was monarchial. [77] Parantaka I, successor to Aditya, invaded the Pandya territories in 910 CE and captured Madurai from king Maravarman Rajasimha II (hence the title "Madurai Konda"). [29] She is sometimes seen as an incarnation of the Pandya associated gods, Meenakshi and Kannagi. The Hoysalas, in general, were confined to Mysore Plateau and even king Somesvara was killed in a battle with Pandyas. In the previous post, we have read about the age of Satavahanas. Sangam literature believes that the dynasties of Chola, Chera, and Pandya belong to immemorial antiquity. War is coming. This place [Nelcynda] also is situated on a river, about one hundred and twenty stadia from the [Arabian] sea.... [52]. [7] Graeco-Roman accounts (as early as 4th century BCE[7]), the edicts of Maurya emperor Asoka, coins with legends in Tamil-Brahmi script, and Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions suggest the continuity of the Pandya dynasty from the 3rd century BCE to the early centuries CE. [7] The ensuing political crisis saw more sultanate raids and plunder, the loss of south Kerala (1312), and north Sri Lanka (1323) and the establishment of the Madurai sultanate (c. Muziris on the south-west coast was the important port of the Cheras and the Roman ships laden with gold used to land at this port and take along consignments of pepper. The Tamil Brahmanas, . He is believed to be one of the last Chera kings (as is mentioned in the Sangam literature) and had won wars against the Cholas and the Pandyas. The successors of Karikala were quite weak and family members squabbled for power and position therefore the Chola kingdom faced confusion and chaos after Karikala. Contents . Korkai, a port at the mouth of the river Tambraparni, was linked to the famous pearl fisheries and Alagankulam was also developed as a port. "Maritime Trade of Early South India: New Archaeological Evidences from Motupalli, Andhra Pradesh. drums in the field (royal drum was an important insignia of royal power). The Pandya kingdom was revived by king Kadungon (r. 590–620 CE[14]) towards the end of the 6th century CE. One of his sons is also described as an ‘adhiraja’ who was victorious against Anji (a chieftain of Tagadur). Found insideTold through the eyes of a prisoner of war and a princess without a kingdom, The Conqueror is a magnificent narrative – of war and conquest, of loss and death, of kingship and legacy. The two neighbouring powers –, the Pandyas and the Cheras expanded at the cost of the Cholas. The term “Sangam” refers to an assembly or meeting together of Tamil poets. [66], Greek and Latin accounts (early centuries CE), coins with legends in Tamil-Brahmi script, and Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions suggest the continuity of the Pandya dynasty from the 3rd century BCE to early centuries CE. Those coins were etched with elephant on one side and the other side remained blank. 'The Fall of the Old States', in, Subbarayalu, Y. Found inside – Page 97The Cheras The Pandyas The Cholas - political history The Chola administration Art and architecture during the Cholas Importance of Temple Language and ... The chief source of states’ income was land revenue while a customs duty was levied on foreign trades. Answer: The Chola, Cheras and the Pandya are the three kingdoms mentioned in Ashoka's edicts. [64], Maurya emperor Asoka (3rd century BCE) seems to have been on friendly terms with the people of south India and Sri Lanka (the Cholas, the Pandyas, the Satiya Putras, the Kerala Putras and the Tamraparnis). [84], Jatavarman Sundara I subdued Rajendra II around 1258–1260 CE and made him pay tribute. Chalukya king Paramesvaravarman I "Vikramaditya" (r. 670–700 CE) is known to have fought battles with the Pallavas, the Gangas, and probably with the Pandyas too, on the Kaveri basin. • The main source of information about these kingdoms is traced from the literary references of Sangam Period. [68] The Pandya chiefdom was famous for its pearl fisheries and silk industry. The neighbouring kingdoms of Sri Lanka, under Parakramabahu I, Venadu Chera/Kerala, under the Kulasekharas,[79] and the Cholas, under Rajadhiraja II and Kulottunga III, joinined in and took sides with any of the two princes or their kins. [7] The early Pandya chieftains ruled their country (the Pandya nadu) from time immemorial, which included the inland city of Madurai and the southern port of Korkai. The term, or meeting together of Tamil poets. Bukka Raya I appointed his son Veera Kumara Kampana as the viceroy of the Tamil region. The first Chera Dynasty had administered in the Sangam Era while the second Chera Dynasty had managed from the ninth century AD onwards. [7][21], The word pandya is thought to be derived from the ancient Tamil word "pandu" meaning "old". [6] The Pandya attacked the Hoysalas in the Kaveri and captured the fort of Kannanur Koppam. Question 2. is from the third Sangam and provides a useful source to reconstruct the history of the Sangam period. Through the Red Sea, ships from these ports sailed to the Roman empire. Chola and Pandyan Descendants Its difficult to spot out the Chera descendant.But we can find the present day descendants of Cholas and Pandyas. [84] He invaded the Chola country, sacked Uraiyur and Thanjavur, and drove the Chola king Kulothunga III into exile. [77] The Pandya control north of the Kaveri river was severely weakened by this move (and straightened the position of the Pallava ruler Nripatunga). Korkai, a town historically associated with pearl fisheries, is believed to have been their early capital and port. Spinning, weaving, ship-building, carpentry, making of ivory products were some of the handicrafts which were widely practised. Concept Notes & Videos 394. The longest ruling dynasty in all of history. Found insideNarsimhavarman defeated the Cholas, Cheras, Kalabhras and the Pandyas. He even sent two naval expeditions to Sri Lanka to help the Sinhalese king Manavarma ... The Pandyas were assisted by Sri Lanka forces of king Mahinda IV. They did Rajasuya sacrifice to establish their authority. Meanwhile, Madurai sultanate was replaced by the Nayak governors of Vijayanagara in 1378. This article will first cover the alliance systems which cut across Sri Lanka and south India during the Chola period. 1. [39], The earliest Pandya to be found in epigraph is Nedunjeliyan, figuring in the Tamil-Brahmi Mangulam inscription (near Madurai) assigned to 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE. The Chola king who brought half of Ceylon under his control. From the 4th to 9th century CE, the Cholas played only a marginal role in south Indian history. The emblem of Cheras is the 'bow and arrow'. have been excavated from these megaliths. Found inside – Page 18( a ) Cholas , Cheras , Pandyas and Pallavas ( b ) Cholas , Satyaputras , Cheras and Pandyas ( c ) Pandyas , Satyaputras , Andhras and Cheras ( d ) Cholas ... We become acquainted with the first Chera Dynasty through Sangam Text.

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