In total, there are 406 apartments, most of which are studios or have one bedroom (32–54 m2) and some 3–4 room apartments (71–78 m2). Articles, American Public Health Association, United States. RZ and NS drafted the manuscript and as members of the outbreak investigation team from the RKI conceptualized the analyses, analyzed, and interpreted the data with support of KAl, VB, TE, SK, and UR. According to the city authorities, more than half of the residents did not have a German passport (n = 331; 54%), and more than half received social benefits. (2020) 395:1676–8. (2021) 102:509–16. Ebola Response: What Needs to Happen in 2015. All five household contacts were tested positive. (2020, August 01). The description of the two outbreaks was based on the COVID-19 database of the Local Public Health Authority of the City of Göttingen (LPHA), as of July 03, 2020. Hammonds EM, Reverby SM. It is aimed at all public health practitioners and researchers and those who manage and deliver public health services and systems. Roberts D. Fatal Invention: How Science, Politics, and Big Business Re-Create Race in the Twenty-First Century. However, the 19 analyzed cases were spread over the whole RC with at least one sequenced case per level in one of the four building parts, which supports our hypothesis of a fast transmission inside the building due to many contacts among residents. (2018) 28(Suppl 1): 235–40. Future research and collaboration across stakeholders in research institutions, clinical practice, and the community will help drive and implement more evidence-based recommendations and interventions. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Sickle cell disease is labeled as a “Black” disease, despite the fact that people from all different races and ethnicities suffer from it (16–18). Authors Matthew Lee Smith 1 . Narges Sheikhansari, Charles Abraham, Sarah Denford. Impact of social determinants of health on the emerging COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1516047113, 35. The first cluster comprised 71 residents in RC1 as well as 124 non-residents (outbreak 1), and the second cluster comprised 138 residents in RC2 (outbreak 2). 42. We are very pleased to partner with Pfizer 's Digital Innovation Lab! We describe the two outbreaks in the RCs, with a particular focus on the housing and social conditions of the affected population and the challenges and measures taken to contain the outbreaks. Hufsky F, Lamkiewicz K, Almeida A, Aouacheria A, Arighi C, Bateman A, et al. People aged over 45 years accounted for 14% share of cases in both RCs. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press (2001). STATNews. Benjamin R. Race after technology: abolitionist tools for the new jim code. This series of individually authored chapters examines the nature and extent of scientific advances in the nutrition sciences and describes both future opportunities in the field and barriers to progress. Available online at: https://www.americananthro.org/ConnectWithAAA/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=2583 (accessed May 25, 2021). All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Historically, physicians justified healthcare inequities by claiming that there were genetic and biological differences between races. CLOCKSS Archive. 28. In 1910 physicians labeled sickle cell anemia a Black disease (20). support@frontiersin.org, Public Health in the 21st century: challenges, needs and the role of our journal, Human modification of the environment proceeds in a rapid way. We present further recommendations for the management of outbreaks that occur in buildings with cramped housing conditions, which often affect marginalized people who experience precarious living conditions. On June 9, 2020, the Göttingen city crisis management team initiated a daily infection mapping based on a local map in order to early identify spatial signals of increased case numbers at crucial settings, such as nursing homes, hostels for refugees, and hostels for people who sleep rough, and precarious residential properties. Soc Forces. Herrick JB. 44. is organized into Specialty Sections that cover different areas of research in the field. Please review . Location plan of RC2. This example of sickle cell plays into the “one-drop rule” that even an ounce of Black blood in one's ancestry was enough to corrupt the genetic purity of Whiteness (21). The relevant information was gathered through the LPHA's investigations and entered in the local COVID-19 database. Found insideIntroduction to Occupational Health Hazards focuses on work-related hazards which have evolved with the advent of more recent professions. The book introduces readers to the basic concept of occupational hazards. Published by Frontiers Media S.A. Frontiers in Public Health (Aug 2021) Health-Care Professionals' Assessments of, and Recommendations for, Sexual-Health Education and Service Provision for Young People in Tehran. Figure 1 shows the reported COVID-19 cases in the whole district of Göttingen since the beginning of the epidemic. Primary. The publications reflected in this Research Topic, all reviewed from experts in the field, addressed many of the public health issues . The impact score (IS), also denoted as Journal impact score (JIS), of an academic journal is a measure of the yearly average number of citations to recent articles published . Outputs of similar age # 137,697. of 252,106 outputs. While healthcare is crucial to the discussion since it paved the foundation for racism in all other aspects of daily life, broader concerns relating to housing, jobs, law, and the like deserves attention. 27. doi: 10.1080/15265161.2017.1353165, 11. Therefore, sophisticated community-based interventions are required to strengthen causal inferences as well as accurate and exhaustive ways to evaluate and summarize the evidence creating a bridge between research and public health. Found insideThe use of human genetic data has the potential to significantly improve healthcare, however a range of scientific, ethical and practical implementation barriers remain. Reliable information about the coronavirus (COVID-19) is available from the World Health Organization (current situation, international travel).Numerous and frequently-updated resource results are available from this WorldCat.org search.OCLC's WebJunction has pulled together information and resources to assist library . From the alignment, genetic distance was computed using a custom R script, ignoring positions with ambiguous nucleotides. For example, in the South Africa's Pholela Community Health Center model, and the related Community Health Center model in the United States facilitated by Jack Geiger, 50% of the leadership had to be people who use the health care system (40). In RC2, the AR among women and men was 23.9 and 19.8%, respectively; in RC1 no gender difference of the AR was observed (Table 1). In other words, the community voice must be operationalized into interventions to ensure needs are appropriately understood and met. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is easily transmissible by both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Following the positive test results of all household contacts of both index cases, immediate compulsory testing of all residents from RC2 was installed. Consider two contemporary examples that demonstrate this point, namely, sickle cell disease and breast cancer. doi: 10.1056/NEJMms2025768, 36. Genome positions with a coverage of at least 20× were used for further analysis. The New York Times. However, this would not have been possible in the case of RC2, with much smaller apartments, lack of space and rooms, and more overcrowding. Approved by publishing and review experts on Typeset, this template is built as per for Frontiers in Public Health formatting guidelines as mentioned in Frontiers Media author instructions. N Engl J Med. Additionally, this is supported by phylogenetic analysis that revealed identical virus lineages B.1.159 in all samples. Tanabe P, Spratling R, Smith D, Grissom P, Hulihan M. CE: understanding the complications of sickle cell disease. This difference is caused by incomplete assignment of reported cases to outbreaks in SurvNet, which may be due to the fact that the Göttingen LPHA uses different software products: SurvNet is only used to transmit case reports to the federal and national level, but not as working software for documentation, which may cause a loss of important data. Found inside – Page 1Frontier Assemblages offers a new framework for thinking about resource frontiers in Asia Presents an empirical understanding of resource frontiers and provides tools for broader engagements and linkages Filled with rich ethnographic and ... Frontiers in Public Health | Read 1100 articles with impact on ResearchGate, the professional network for scientists. The Atlantic. No cases among non-residents were assigned to outbreak 2 by the LPHA. Copyright © 2021 Soled, Chatterjee, Olveczky and Lindo. J Travel Med. Second, in the 1930s, medical research used the category of so-called biological race to explain higher rates of breast cancer in Black women compared to White women (27). The age and gender distribution, and housing and social conditions of the residents of RC1 and RC2 were described based on information provided by the City of Göttingen, as well as the RKI's outbreak investigation team's personal impressions and their conversations with residents during their visit to the sites. 13. Copyright © 2021 Zimmermann, Sarma, Thieme-Thörel, Alpers, Artelt, Azouagh, Bremer, Broistedt, Eckmanns, Feltgen, Huska, Kröger, Puls, Scheithauer, Mayr and Rexroth. Referencing books, youtube videos, websites, articles, journals, podcasts, images, videos, or music in Frontiers in Public Health. This journal provides an international multidisciplinary forum with a holistic approach to public health issues, health and medicine, health and social policy, service aspects, developmental aspects . doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31054-0, 38. (2020) 47:37–44. (2020) 4:153. doi: 10.23880/eij-16000153. 25. The case fatality during the outbreak in outbreak 1 was 0.5% and 0 in outbreak 2. Clin Infect Dis. During quarantine, residents were supplied with groceries, meals and sanitary products. In the case of Göttingen, some requested NGOs refused their support because they did not want to enter the building or were not available at short notice. This book examines the new actors and new tools that form the heart of this revolution, and shows how they are reshaping the way we go about supporting solutions to social and environmental problems throughout the world. Sequence similarity was calculated by using a multiple sequence alignment produced by Pangolin 2.3 (https://github.com/cov-lineages/pangolin/), which masks positions 0–265 and 29674-end of the sequences in reference coordinates. The study focused on the unique integration of a practice SSI/SSDI application into the training, the first of its kind in public health online trainings, and the . It was assumed by local authorities that in addition to officially registered residents further not-registered persons lived in the RCs, in particular in RC2, therefore overcrowding was likely even more severe. Since the Research Topic Editors coined the term in 2013, it has begun . AC, DO, and EL all participated in edits and revisions to the manuscript. While reparations typically refer to financial compensation, reparative policies need not solely consist of direct monetary transfers. Distribution of SARS-CoV-2 cases (N = 1,323) reported to the RKI by reporting date in the calendar weeks 11–33, city and county district of Göttingen, 2020, with assignment of the cases to the outbreak events in residential complexes 1 (blue) and 2 (orange) (n = 287; RKI SurvNet database, 13.08.2020). doi: 10.1093/jtm/taaa192. Nevertheless, severe cases requiring intensive medical care among people under 30 years and one death were also reported. Did that affect how I treated a sickle cell patient years later? Int J Environ Res Public Health. As we pull together as a community - calmly, responsibly, and resolutely - during the COVID-19 . Based on age distribution in combination with locations of the flat, it can be excluded that these 19 cases define a separate subcluster within the RC2 or within outbreak 2 (Supplementry Figure 1). (2017). 2. Front. Frequently cited symptoms among the cases with information on symptoms were fever (44.7%), cough (42.7%), headache (42.7%), sore throat (28%), and rhinorrhoea (21.3%). Therefore, municipalities should provide extra room for separation, such as in hostels or hotels. 20. Support Center Support Center. June 5, 2020. Staff from community safety, security services and fire department, various emergency services, a low threshold addiction service, and the police service were involved in the operation. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3636975, 29. Found insideThis is the first collection of theoretical frameworks, analyses of empirical data, and case studies to be assembled on this topic, published to stimulate debate and promote collaborative work. Now is the time for the public health community to plan for the "older-older age wave." Many cities have begun to explore how to make themselves more "elder-friendly." As the baby boom-generation ages from 65 to 85, there will be a more intense need for services in the home and in community and institutional settings. (2013). Frontiers in Public Health is an Open Access (OA) Journal. Unmet needs and behaviour during the Ebola response in Sierra Leone: a retrospective, mixed-methods analysis of community feedback from the Social Mobilization Action Consortium. Chest. Please refer to the author guidelines for details on article types and the submission process. Residents were informed about the measures by leaflets and mobile text messages, as well as oral information with translators. We had no information on jobs, time spent at home or outside, number of persons per household neither of the infected nor of the resident population, so that further analyses on household level were not possible. 40. Aus Politik Zeitgeschichte. 7. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Whole genomes sequencing (WGS) was performed for 19 cases from the outbreak in RC2. Peculiar elongated and sickle-shaped red blood corpuscles in a case of severe anemia. Items that were not provided by the public authorities were provided by local NGOs, such as baby food, diapers and telephone cards. Finally, to engage in disciplinary self-critique, the fields of clinical medicine and research science should adopt certain reparative policies that embody the same themes and change the process by which decisions are made to shatter the status quo racial hierarchy. Therefore, quarantine should only be applied to direct contacts of cases. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.189985. Silva DS. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Public Health, 21 September 2021 The outbreaks increased the local incidence in the city of Göttingen to 123.5/100,000 in June 2020. p. 67–80. (2002) 161:269–4. Differing proficiencies in the locally spoken language of affected people might also play a role. Frontiers in Public Health. Payment reform as a means of achieving justice: a look at pulmonary rehabilitation reimbursement. Available online at: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5d7d985bfc6bb40f1dfae872/t/6061d1425689961a044a3ac0/1617023298545/Transcript$+$-$+$Structural$+$Racism$+$for$+$Doctors.pdf (accessed May 25, 2021). A compelling account of the relentless trajectory of humankind across time and geography. Am J Public Health. (2020) 383:2101–3. Yet, since not all insurance carriers cover it, Whites disproportionately benefit. Traces the development of American suburbs, suggests reasons for their growth, compares American residential patterns with those of Europe and Japan, and looks at future trends One year into the Ebola epidemic (2015). This year Pfizer is launching a Vaccines Global Innovation Challenge to seek innovative approaches to #patienteducation on the importance of vaccines, especially in adult and adolescent populations. Household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States: living density, viral load, and disproportionate impact on communities of color. Indexed in: PubMed, PubMed Central (PMC), Scopus, DOAJ, CrossRef, CLOCKSS, PMCID: all published articles receive a PMCID. Okwerekwu JA. Now is the time for a post racial medicine: biomedical research, the national institutes of health, and the perpetuation of scientific racism. After the unconscionable experiments on vulnerable groups during World War II by German and Japanese scientists, ultimately, research science in the United States took the dramatic step of embracing and operationalizing (via Institutional Review Boards) a code of ethics that was more protective of the rights of individuals. We suggest that the development of reparative policies in healthcare be guided by a framework such as the Critical Race Public Health Praxis (CRPHP) (38, 39). The impact of a low socio-economic position in society, increasing poverty in strata of the population, widespread environmental transformation and climate change are examples of complex causal relationships and it is important to apply the same degree of complexity to public health interventions once causality has been reasonably established. 1. A geographic analysis of racial disparities in use of pulmonary rehabilitation after hospitalization for COPD exacerbation. Am J Epidemiol. Available online at: http://www.roma-service.at/dromablog/?p=53919 (updated June 06, 2020). Epidemiology. This volume brings together experts from a variety of disciplines, such as medicine, biology, sociology, epidemiology, anthropology, economics and political science, who focus on three areas: health disparities and inequity due to gender, ... (2011) 101:238–49. This is because Medicaid is technically available to all people of a certain socioeconomic status, and it does not specifically seek to remedy current inequities due to historical and transgenerational trauma. Facebook COVID-19 Symptom Survey. Indeed, the proposed health reparations would not be sufficient to create more equitable health outcomes, but they will foster an equitable health system built on justice for all, especially society's most vulnerable. Federgruen A, Naha S. Crowding effects dominate demographic attributes in COVID-19 cases. publichealth.editorial.office@frontiersin.org, For queries regarding Research Topics, Editorial Board applications, and journal development, please contact Pandve HT, Kannan S. Community participation-a way forward in fight against COVID-19 pandemic. Particular emphasis should be placed on information about risk factors, identifying and close follow-up of people at increased risk of severe COVID-19 disease, and early initiation of inpatient care, if necessary. (2019) 54:1374–88. This is due to an overall young resident population in the two affected RC. It is now acknowledged that health promotion at the individual level has little effectiveness and tends to amplify socio-economic differences in health. (2017) 123:3116–24. Structural racism in these other contexts must be tackled, lest any advances in health equity ultimately be moot. (2014) 312:1063. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.11011, 21. Täglicher Lagebericht des RKI zur Coronavirus-Krankheit-2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, in order to achieve universal racial justice, the nation must first address science and medicine's historical role in scaffolding the structure of racism we bear witness of today. My medical school lesson was tinged with racism. Allgemeine Hinweise für Gesundheitsbehörden zur Kontaktaufnahme und Zusammenarbeit mit marginalisierten Bevölkerungsgruppen. (2021) 384:872–8. Public Health Rep. (2013) 128:110–16. (2020). The journal intends to be a forum for a debate on the expectations and achievements of precision prevention promoting constructive discussion around inter-sectoral interventions which span from health promotion to climate change, transportation, environmental change and even species diversity. (2020) 19:1–171. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.92.5.758, 33. Am Indian Q. Socioeconomic factors and race in breast cancer recurrence and survival. Frontiers in Public Health citation style guide with bibliography and in-text referencing examples: Journal articles Books Book chapters Reports Web pages. Mental Health for All by All Experiments in Community Mental Health Care in India.pdf. Finally, we want to re-emphasize that while this piece focused on reparative policies for Black Americans based on the medical profession's history of racism, there are other historically marginalized populations, such as the Native American and other communities of color, that have suffered unmeasurable historical injustice, including specifically at the hands of physicians (52), and they must also be the beneficiaries of similar, necessary reparative policies. Digital Health. The disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on racially marginalized communities has again raised the issue of what justice in healthcare looks like. Am J Bioeth. Larger genetic differences within Africans than between Africans and Eurasians. 20. Received: 20 May 2021; Accepted: 24 August 2021; Published: 21 September 2021. We discuss how public health measures can be planned and implemented through consideration of the needs and vulnerabilities of affected populations. Reparations are a way to make amends for wrongs or injuries inflicted. 37. but the speed of research investigating its impact on human health is much lower. From May 18 to June 29 (CW 21–27), 58.5% (287/491) of cases in the whole district were attributed to the RC outbreaks. After an increase in case number in spring up to the peak of 166 cases in CW 15, case numbers decreased to 12–16 cases per week (CW 19–21). doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000001232, 34. Association of poor housing conditions with COVID-19 incidence and mortality across US counties. doi: 10.1126/science.1110303. In April 2020, 643 people were officially registered in the building, 60% of which were male and one third children under the age of 18. 36. 26. Science. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Available online at: https://www.statnews.com/2016/03/10/medical-schools-teaching-race/ (accessed February 1, 2021). The subset contained 11 children between the age of 0 to 15 and eight adults between the ages of 18–60. Racial disparities in cancer survival among randomized clinical trials patients of the southwest oncology group. The first COVID-19 case in the district of Göttingen was reported on March 11, 2020 (4). Cohn I. Carcinoma of the breast in the Negro. Dasgupta S, Bowen VB, Leidner A, Fletcher K, Musial T, Rose C, et al. Frontiers. More specifically, science and medicine have used biological race to support the racist mythical notion that there are “Black” genes, which cause Black individuals to be inferior to White people (3). During outbreak 2, the 7-day incidence in the city of Göttingen increased even to 123.5/100,000 population. The complete, comprehensive guide shows you how easy citing any source can be. As physicians seek to gain trust for a wholly untrustworthy healthcare system from historically marginalized and oppressed communities, they have begun to examine medicine's historical role in racist practices. Available online at: https://www.zeit.de/gesellschaft/zeitgeschehen/2020-06/goettingen-corona-massnahmen-neuinfektionen-schulschliessung-kontaktbeschraenkung?print (updated June 04, 2020). 23. Wailoo K. Dying in the City of the Blues: Sickle Cell Anemia and the Politics of Race and Health. Frontiers in Public Health is a multidisciplinary open-access journal which publishes rigorously peer-reviewed research and is at the forefront of disseminating and communicating scientific knowledge and impactful discoveries to researchers, academics, clinicians, policy makers and the public worldwide. Göttingen Verbietet Auch Schwimmbad und Vereinssport. Introduction. Found insideUS-Mexico border region area has unique social, demographic and policy forces at work that shape the health of its residents as well as serves as a microcosm of migration health challenges facing an increasingly mobile and globalized world. Outputs from Frontiers in Public Health # 2,342. of 4,280 outputs. A specific reparative policy that is race-conscious rather than race-blind and addresses structural determinism is payment reform, such as the expansion of Medicaid coverage or new, state-specific health insurance for non-White populations. Mental Health for All-by All-Experiments in Community Mental Health Care in India. 3. DS conceptualized the idea and drafted the manuscript. Chowkwanyun M. Race is not biology. We assume that the children played a major role in the outbreak, by playing together and transmitting the infection from household to household. Sickle cell anemia, a race specific disease. The latter should be decided on a case-by-case basis with the aim to protect persons with risk of severe infection, and together with the household members (17). Greater risk of severe COVID-19 in Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic populations is not explained by cardiometabolic, socioeconomic or behavioural factors, or by 25(OH)-vitamin D status: study of 1326 cases from the UK Biobank. The lowest ARs were among the oldest age-group (45–64) (Table 2). While our list of examples could never be complete, a principle-based approach that seeks to amplify the community voice, address structural determinism, and engage in self-critique and historical reawakening is fundamental to a more equitable future. Frontiers in public health.. COVID-19 Resources. In doing so, we can fully account for the adverse effects of race and racism on health. Livingston E, Katz M. Structural racism for doctors—what is it? There is no reason that half a century later, a similar, significant reform, centering and operationalizing racial equity and community engagement would not be possible. These are necessary but not sufficient by themselves to righting past wrongs and achieving greater health equity. (2008) 29:235–52. The data used for descriptive analyses was derived from the LPHA's COVID-19-database as of Jul 3, 2020. 39. (2020) 98:1–3. Minneapolis, MN: The University of Minnesota Press (2014). Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems US$ 950 US$ 700 US$ 450 Free Frontiers in Sustainable Cities US$ 950 US$ 700 US$ 450 Free Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience US$ 2,490 US$ 1,150 US$ 450 Free Frontiers in Systems Biology US$ 1,900 US$ 875 US$ 450 Free Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience US$ 2,950 . doi: 10.1056/NEJMms2004740, 33. Most of his recent research has been in International Financial Market, Behavioural Economics & Finance, Energy Markets, Chinese Economy, and Financial Econometrics. There are also limits to classroom education on public health and primary care. Marcia G. Ory, PhD, MPH, founding director of the Texas A&M Health Center for Population for Health and Aging and center affiliate Colette Browning from the School of Health and The Health Innovation and Transformation Centre at Federation University Australia, have been appointed co-editors of the new Women in Science: Aging and Public Health 2021 research area in the journal Frontiers in . *Correspondence: Derek Ross Soled, derek_soled@hms.harvard.edu, Front. 10. The World Health Organization has listed vaccine hesitancy among the greatest . Reforming payment for effective treatments for diseases in addition to COPD that are more prevalent in minority populations, such as diabetes and heart disease, would also achieve greater justice (50). Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites. (2021) ciab701. Contact tracing may have been hindered due to language barriers and high case numbers, which may have led to under-reporting. Outputs from Frontiers in Public Health # 2,342. of 4,280 outputs. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djp176. We thank all staff of the local public health department of Göttingen who collected and entered the data, the translators who provided helpful information to the team, and the trained staff implementing and performing the mass testing (medical students of University Medical Center Göttingen). Sample with a coverage of at least 20× were used for further.! Regarding the organization, financing, and health the peer review status of your findings continue... Of achieving justice: a look at pulmonary rehabilitation has been found to be an effective treatment option for with. Für Die Groner Landstraße 9,9a,9b in Göttingen indicate that overcrowded housing conditions can COVID-19. 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